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International Trade Assignment Sample

  1. INTRODUCTORY PART

Role of Energy in the Development of International Trade [the chapter should give an insight into the whole content of the paper. It is advised to make this chapter wide-ranging with some practical examples and controversies]         

  • Energy and the International Trade Theory
  • Energy and the International Trade Policy
  • Energy Security and its role in development
  • Role of WTO in energy trade
  • Regional Energy Initiatives
  1. [start of main text] THE STORY OF ‘ENERGY’ AND ITS SOURCES[in brief]

Make this chapter brief but all inclusive] 

  • ‘Energy’ from Mythology through History
  • Energy and Its Scope
  • Non-Renewable energy sources and its Impact on the Environment
  1. Petroleum (Oil)
  2. Coal
  3. Natural Gas
  4. Nuclear Energy
  • Renewable Forms of Energy and its Impact on the Environment
  1. Wind Energy
  2. Solar Energy
  3. Hydroelectric Energy
  4. Biomass Energy
  5. Fuel Cells
  6. Geothermal Energy
  7. Bio-fuels
  • Energy and Sustainability[discuss the possibilities of Energy as a Human Right and Energy as a commodity for trade and the associated Sustainability issues]
  • THE EMERGING ENERGY GOVERNANCE DEBATE: ENERGY IN WTO LAW AND POLICY
  • WTO compatibility of energy related actions that could have an impact on trade
  • energy issues that are covered by the ongoing Doha negotiations and in WTO accessions
  • Is energy a good or a service?[ Members’ schedules of specific commitments on services.]
  • Pollution and climate-change dimensions.
  • Existing rules in GATT/WTO [Both GATT and GATS and applicability of the same to Energy Trade]
  • MFN
  • National Treatment
  • Quantitative restrictions
  • Freedom of transit
  • Agreement of Agriculture
  • TBT Agreement
  • Regional Preferences
  • Rules being Negotiated
  • DDA Negotiations
  1. WTO AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL ENERGY LAW
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) / International Energy Agency (IEA)
  • Energy Charter Treaty[analyze dispute settlement, juxtapose with WTO]
  • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
  • Multilateral Environmental Agreements
  • Regional Level: European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
  • Unresolved and Controversial Issues[environmental issues etc]
  • Efficiency of the WTO System[special reference to Dispute settlement mechanism and reference to comparison with Energy Charter Treaty]

CONCLUSION

The appropriate forum for energy matters would be WTO with at least one of the following changes brought in.[elaborate the points below]

  1. Towards a WTO agreement on Energy[Members would also have to decide whether such an agreement was to be a multilateral or plurilateral] OR
  1. Add energy-specific provisions throughout the existing WTO Agreements [an amendment of each provision for which energy-related aspects are added, and which would have to be agreed according to Article X of the WTO Agreement.]OR
  1. Members have to adopt a “decision” illustrating how the rules of the WTO should apply to some specific energy sectors. To be adopted by consensus by the General Council[simpler than amendments]
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