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Role of Energy in the Development of International Trade (OUTLINE)
Role of Energy in the Development of International Trade (OUTLINE)
INTRODUCTORY PART
Role of Energy in the Development of International Trade [the chapter should give an insight into the whole content of the paper. It is advised to make this chapter wide-ranging with some practical examples and controversies]
- Energy and the International Trade Theory
- Energy and the International Trade Policy
- Energy Security and its role in development
- Role of WTO in energy trade
- Regional Energy Initiatives
THE STORY OF ‘ENERGY’ AND ITS SOURCES
- ‘Energy’ from Mythology through History
- Energy and Its Scope
- Non-Renewable energy sources and its Impact on the Environment
- Petroleum (Oil)
- Coal
- Natural Gas
- Nuclear Energy
- Petroleum (Oil)
- Renewable Forms of Energy and its Impact on the Environment
- Wind Energy
- Solar Energy
- Hydroelectric Energy
- Biomass Energy
- Fuel Cells
- Geothermal Energy
- Bio-fuels
- Wind Energy
- Energy and Sustainability
THE EMERGING ENERGY GOVERNANCE DEBATE: ENERGY IN WTO LAW AND POLICY
- WTO compatibility of energy related actions that could have an impact on trade
- energy issues that are covered by the ongoing Doha negotiations and inWTO accessions
- Is energy a good or a service?[ Members’ schedules of specific commitments on services.]
- Pollution and climate-change dimensions.
- Existing rules in GATT/WTO[Both GATT and GATS and applicability of the same to Energy Trade]
- MFN
- National Treatment
- Quantitative restrictions
- Freedom of transit
- Agreement of Agriculture
- TBT Agreement
- Regional Preferences
- MFN
- Rules being Negotiated
- DDA Negotiations
WTO AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL ENERGY LAW
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) / International Energy Agency (IEA)
- Energy Charter Treaty[analyze dispute settlement, juxtapose with WTO]
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- Multilateral Environmental Agreements
- Regional Level: European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- Unresolved and Controversial Issues[environmental issues etc]
- Efficiency of the WTO System[special reference to Dispute settlement mechanism and reference to comparison with Energy Charter Treaty]
CONCLUSION
The appropriate forum for energy matters would be WTO with at least one of the following changes brought in.[elaborate the points below]
Towards a WTO agreement on Energy[Members would also have to decide whether such an agreement was to be a multilateral or plurilateral]OR
Add energy-specific provisions throughout the existing WTOAgreements[an amendment of each provision for which energy-related aspects are added, and which would have to be agreed according to Article X of the WTOAgreement.]OR
Members have to adopt a “decision” illustrating how the rules of the WTO should apply to some specific energy sectors. To be adopted by consensus by theGeneral Council[simpler than amendments]
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